验证一项研究的弱点
1. the main weakness of the study is the failure to address how …….
2. the study fails to consider the differing categories of damage that …..
3. the research does not take into account pre-existing …… such as ……
4. the author offers no explanation for the distinction between X and Y.
5. Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of X.
6.Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of ……
7. the paper would appear to be over ambitious in its claims
8. the author overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.
9. what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between ……
10. another weakness is that we are given no explanantion of how ……
11. no attempt was made to quantify the association between X and Y.
提供有建设性的意见
1. A better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ……
2. A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ……
强调此前研究的不充分
1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ……
2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ……
5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they …..
6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ……
7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ……
11. However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure …..
12. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ……
13. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ….
14. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ……
15. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
介绍其他人的评论
1. However, Jones (2003) points out that …..
2. Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that …..
3. Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.
4. The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
5. Smith’s analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……
6. Smith’s meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.
7. The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ……
8. Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that …..
9. The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).
10. Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the……
11. Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ……
12. More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982):
13. Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.
如何介绍引用
1. In the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: “Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point …….”
2. Sachs concludes: “The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…” (Sachs, 1992a: 156).
3. As Smith argues: “In the past, the purpose of education was to ……” (Smith , 2000:150).
4. As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: “there are many good reasons to be sceptical”.
描述其他作者想法的参考文献
1. According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.
2. This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ……
3. Smith argues that her data support O’Brien’s (1988) view that …… As Smith reminds us, …………..
4. Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ……
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来源：生物学霸。编辑：明轩
